What comprises low-value payments in payment systems?

Low-value payments refer to transaction types in payment systems where the amounts involved are relatively small compared to high-value payments. Options such as Automated Clearing House (ACH), International ACH (iACH) payments, and direct debits all fall under this category, as they are designed to facilitate low-cost, efficient processing of transactions that are generally below a certain monetary threshold.

Automated Clearing House (ACH) systems are well-known for handling a variety of low-value electronic transactions, preventing the need for physical checks and enhancing the overall efficiency of payment reconciliation. This makes them a critical component of low-value payment infrastructures.

International ACH (iACH) payments extend the concept of traditional ACH to international transactions, often involving lower amounts, which also qualifies them under low-value payment systems.

Direct debits allow for the automated collection of payments directly from a payer's bank account, typically for recurrent transactions like utility bills or subscription services, and these transactions tend to be low in value as well.

Thus, all these payment methods collectively illustrate components of low-value payments, affirming that the correct response encompasses all options presented.